Informed consent. The possible dangers of too much information Research Paper

Informed consent. The possible dangers of too much information conveyed - Research Paper Example rug. Moreover, there is an issue with how much comprehension a participant may have of the risks that are dictated in the informed consent protocol. Not surprisingly, the forms must be readable in order for a patient to truly have considered himself â€Å"informed,† and the most important part of readability is to put the risks into layman’s terms. Studies have suggested that esoteric forms which are more difficult to read than complicated texts results in considerably less informed consent than forms which are not so. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the level of language used in the consent forms and keep the audience in mind. If the person drafting these forms keeps in mind this golden rule, then other studies suggest that informed consent is extremely effective. The possible dangers of too much information conveyed Loftus & Fries (2008) theorize that informed consent may do more harm than good, at least when the risks that are presented to the patient consist of all potential risks that might occur, no matter how remote. They argue that the patient might imagine that he or she is experiencing the symptom because of the power of the mind, in that the mind can play tricks on people, and, if the patient knows that a certain risk is possible, then the patient may conjure this risk even though it is only remotely possible that the patient is actually experiencing the symptom. As proof of this, they point to the power of the placebo (Loftus & Fries, 2008, p. 217). To them, a patient is better off just knowing the general level of risk, ie, the symptoms that are likely to occur, and only provide patients the remote risks if the patient specifically asks for it. Therefore, the informed consent carries risks itself, and they â€Å"only ask that those whose task it is to formulate informed consent rituals pay some attention to the harm that may be caused by the ritual itself† (Loftus & Fries, 2008, p. 217). Loftus & Fries then cited a study that they performed that was unpublished. It involved patients at the Stanford University Medical School who were diagnosed with scleroderma and were treated with a drug cocktail consisting of propranolol and alpha-methyldopa. The patients were informed about the side effects of the drug cocktail, which included dizziness, headaches, upset stomach and tearfulness. Some patients received a standard informed consent form and some received a standard informed consent form plus a special message which explained the placebo effect, in that the patients who received the special message were informed of the phenomenon of experiencing symptoms simply because the symptoms were mentioned. Loftus & Fries found that all patients experienced â€Å"side effects,† even if the patient was given a placebo. They also found that those patients who received the special message experienced fewer side effects than those who did not (Loftus & Fries, 2008, p. 218). Therefore, their point ab out a patient knowing â€Å"too much† was validated. While Loftus & Fries concentrated on the placebo effect as a drawback for informed consent, at least informed consent that lists every possible side-effect, no matter how remote, Audrey et al. (2008) concentrated on the effect informed consent had on patients who want to undergo palliative chemotherapy. The issue that Audrey et al. focuses upon is

The Egyptian War of 1882 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Egyptian War of 1882 - Essay Example According to the essay "The Egyptian War of 1882" findings, on January 8th, 1882, the French and the British signed a treaty known as the "Joint Anglo-French note" that initiated dual control of both France and England that was sent to the Egyptian government, declaring their recognition of Khedive Twefik’s authority. However, the nationalist opposition to Khedive (Lord) Twefik who was the current Ottoman ruler of Egypt was greatly increased when the European diplomats supported the agreement. Khedive Twefik, due to the opposition, was forced to appoint the nationalists as the prime minister and war minister on February 25th, 1882 (Cromer 359). Urbi Pasha organized a militia in protest against the wage difference between the Egyptian and the European army, which was exposed on April 12th, 1882, consequently on April 12th, and May 20th, 1882, France and Britain deployed small naval squadrons to the Egyptian coast, which resulted in the arrest of some of the militia members. Urb i Pasha, however, had not given up and he marched a troop of his militia to Alexandria on Sunday, June 11th, 1882 where they caused a riot against the Christian and the Muslim in the town resulting to the death of approximately 50 Europeans (Cromer 715). The British reacted to the attack and bombarded Alexandria, which resulted in the evacuation of the port. By this time, Urbi had begun taking control of the government and the British military initiated and intervention backed by Tewfik’s approval.